Reflection 5 | biochemasterz

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M-M Equation

Leoner Michaelis and Maude Menten proposed a model that shows that an enzyme can increase the kinetic rate of a reaction and also showed that the rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of the enzyme and the substrate.

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The M-M equation demonstrates how the velocity of a reaction varies with the concentration of the substrate.

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Assumption in Deriving the M-M Equation.

Steady State assumption- the enzyme- substrate concentration is constant since the rate of its formation is equal to its rate of degradation.

Relative Concentration of Enzyme and Substrate- the concentration of the substrate is larger than the concentration of the enzyme.

Initial Velocity- measures the rate of the reaction as soon as the enzyme and substrate are mixed. At that point the concentration of the product is very small so the back reaction is neglected.

Conclusions of M-M Equation

1) Characteristic of K_m

K_mis a feature of an enzyme and its substrate. K_mnumerically is equivalent to the concentration of the substrate at which the velocity of the reaction is equivalent to 1/2V_max. K_mdoes not change with the concentration of the enzyme.

Small K_m – Gives a high affinity of the enzyme for substrate.

Large K_m – Gives a low affinity of the enzyme for the substrate.

2) Order of the Reaction

The velocity of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the substrate when the concentration of the substrate is less than the K_m. the reaction is 1^st order with respect to the concentration of the substrate.

The velocity of the reaction is constant and equal to the V_maxwhen the concentration of the substrate is greater than the K_m. The reaction is independent of the substrate concentration and therefore a zero order reaction with respect to the substrate concentration.

Lineweaver – Burk Plot

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The hyperbola curve of the M-M equation is transformed into a straight line. The straight line is obtained by taking the reciprocal of each term in the M-M equation. The Lineweaver –Burke Plot can be used to obtain K_m, V_maxand the mechanism of the enzyme inhibitors.

Inhibitors

Any substance that stops an enzyme catalysed reaction. There are irreversible inhibitors and reversible inhibitors.

Irreversible Inhibitors forms covalent bonds with enzymes. Once the enzyme is inhibited it cannot be reversed.

Reversible Inhibitors forms non-covalent bonds with enzymes. When the enzyme is inhibited the process can be reversed.

Types of Reversible Inhibitors

Competitive

Non- competitive

Uncompetitive

Mixed inhibition

Competitive Inhibitors

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Bind to the same site as the substrate. The inhibitor has a similar shape as the substrate.

Non- competitive Inhibitors

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Binds to a different site on the enzyme. This can bind to the enzyme or the enzyme substrate.

Uncompetitive Inhibitors

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Binds at a different site only on the enzyme substrate.

Mixed inhibition

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Binds on separate sites of either the enzyme or enzyme substrate while decreasing the affinity of the enzyme for substrate.

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Table Showing how the different Inhibitors Affect K_mand V_max

Reversible Inhibitor	K_m	V_max
Competitive	Increases	Constant
Non-competitive	Constant	Decreases
Uncompetitive	Decreases	Decreases
Mixed	Can increase or decrease	Decreases

Allosteric Enzymes

Allosteric enzymes have more than one binding site. Effectors which are modifiers regulate these enzymes. Effectors bind non-covalently to another binding site of the allosteric enzyme. Effectors can change the affinity of the enzyme for substrate or can change the enzyme’s maximal catalytic activity. Effectors that inhibit the enzyme are negative effectors while effectors that increases the affinity of the enzyme are positive effectors.

Homotrophic and Heterotrophic Effectors

Homotrophic effectors are substrates that act as an effector while a heterotrophic effector is an effector other than a substrate